{"id":"CVE-2023-28461","published":"2023-03-15T23:15:10Z","modified":"2026-08-05T05:16:37Z","title":"Array Networks AG and vxAG ArrayOS Missing Authentication for Critical Function Vulnerability","vendor":"Array Networks ","product":"AG/vxAG ArrayOS","tier":"core","eol":null,"description":{"text":"Array Networks Array AG Series and vxAG (9.4.0.481 and earlier) allow remote code execution. An attacker can browse the filesystem on the SSL VPN gateway using a flags attribute in an HTTP header without authentication. The product could then be exploited through a vulnerable URL. The 2023-03-09 vendor advisory stated \"a new Array AG release with the fix will be available soon.\"","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"summary":{"text":"Array Networks AG Series and vxAG SSL VPN gateways running ArrayOS 9.4.0.481 and earlier contain a missing-authentication flaw in a critical function. The flaw lies in how the product handles requests, leaving it reachable without any credentials. An attacker with network access to the gateway can, without authentication or user interaction, browse the filesystem by abusing a flags attribute in an HTTP header and then exploit a vulnerable URL to achieve remote code execution.","provenance":"ai","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","generatedAt":"2026-10-29T07:54:03Z"},"cvss":{"score":9.8,"severity":"CRITICAL","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"epss":{"score":0.68079,"percentile":0.99323,"date":"2026-10-29","provenance":"source"},"kev":{"dateAdded":"2024-11-25","dueDate":"2024-12-16","ransomware":true,"requiredAction":"Apply mitigations per vendor instructions or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.","notes":"https://support.arraynetworks.net/prx/001/http/supportportal.arraynetworks.net/documentation/FieldNotice/Array_Networks_Security_Advisory_for_Remote_Code_Execution_Vulnerability_AG.pdf ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28461","provenance":"source"},"vulncheckKev":{"dateAdded":"2024-09-13","exploitedFirstSeen":"2024-09-13","ransomware":true,"evidence":[{"url":"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cuckoo-spear-analyzing-noopdoor","date":"2024-09-13"},{"url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/k/lodeinfo-campaign-of-earth-kasha.html","date":"2024-11-19"},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json","date":"2024-11-25"},{"url":"https://dashboard.shadowserver.org/statistics/honeypot/vulnerability/map/?day=2024-12-03&host_type=src&vulnerability=cve-2023-28461","date":"2024-12-03"},{"url":"https://dashboard.shadowserver.org/statistics/honeypot/vulnerability/map/?day=2024-12-04&host_type=src&vulnerability=cve-2023-28461","date":"2024-12-04"},{"url":"https://dashboard.shadowserver.org/statistics/honeypot/vulnerability/map/?day=2024-12-05&host_type=src&vulnerability=cve-2023-28461","date":"2024-12-05"},{"url":"https://dashboard.shadowserver.org/statistics/honeypot/vulnerability/map/?day=2024-12-06&host_type=src&vulnerability=cve-2023-28461","date":"2024-12-06"},{"url":"https://dashboard.shadowserver.org/statistics/honeypot/vulnerability/map/?day=2024-12-07&host_type=src&vulnerability=cve-2023-28461","date":"2024-12-07"},{"url":"https://dashboard.shadowserver.org/statistics/honeypot/vulnerability/map/?day=2024-12-08&host_type=src&vulnerability=cve-2023-28461","date":"2024-12-08"},{"url":"https://dashboard.shadowserver.org/statistics/honeypot/vulnerability/map/?day=2024-12-09&host_type=src&vulnerability=cve-2023-28461","date":"2024-12-09"}],"evidenceTotal":28,"provenance":"source"},"exploited":true,"otx":{"pulseCount":50,"pulses":[{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 29, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae20c1db17e7057ae7d9ad1","created":"2026-10-28"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 28, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae0ba7e0e2a97ff7b218819","created":"2026-10-27"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 27, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adf68b85c3e852f3c111d18","created":"2026-10-26"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 24, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adb740e397c3ad4799aa4cd","created":"2026-10-23"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 23, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ada236fcfba2dfa730ea482","created":"2026-10-22"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 22, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad8d33a077cbb5cab524d80","created":"2026-10-21"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 21, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad78130c4d1ac2be83a8b6d","created":"2026-10-20"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 20, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad62f63c24a405a3423cc13","created":"2026-10-19"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 19, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad4dda174e5797d0bd238b7","created":"2026-10-18"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 18, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad38c22e1848f8189d1c121","created":"2026-10-17"}],"provenance":"machine"},"cwes":[{"id":"CWE-287","name":"Improper Authentication"},{"id":"CWE-306","name":"Missing Authentication for Critical Functionality"}],"references":[{"url":"https://support.arraynetworks.net/prx/001/http/supportportal.arraynetworks.net/documentation/FieldNotice/Array_Networks_Security_Advisory_for_Remote_Code_Execution_Vulnerability_AG.pdf","tags":["Mitigation","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://support.arraynetworks.net/prx/001/http/supportportal.arraynetworks.net/documentation/FieldNotice/Array_Networks_Security_Advisory_for_Remote_Code_Execution_Vulnerability_AG.pdf","tags":["Mitigation","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2023-28461","tags":["US Government Resource"]}],"techniques":[{"id":"T1190","name":"Exploit Public-Facing Application","tactics":["initial-access"],"provenance":"ai","basis":"ai-mapping","bases":["ai-mapping"],"basisDetail":"claude-haiku-5-5: unauthenticated remote attack on public-facing VPN gateway","mappingType":"exploitation_technique","evidence":[{"from":"description","quote":"allow remote code execution. An attacker can browse the filesystem on the SSL VPN gateway","start":64,"end":153}],"model":"claude-haiku-5-5","confidence":"medium","confidenceNote":"AI-mapped from the description (quote-validated, not expert-reviewed)"},{"id":"T1059","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","tactics":["execution"],"provenance":"ai","basis":"ai-mapping","bases":["ai-mapping"],"basisDetail":"claude-haiku-5-5: stated remote code execution impact","mappingType":"primary_impact","evidence":[{"from":"description","quote":"allow remote code execution","start":64,"end":91}],"model":"claude-haiku-5-5","confidence":"medium","confidenceNote":"AI-mapped from the description (quote-validated, not expert-reviewed)"},{"id":"T1083","name":"File and Directory Discovery","tactics":["discovery"],"provenance":"ai","basis":"ai-mapping","bases":["ai-mapping"],"basisDetail":"claude-haiku-5-5: browsing filesystem enables file discovery","mappingType":"primary_impact","evidence":[{"from":"description","quote":"An attacker can browse the filesystem on the SSL VPN gateway","start":93,"end":153}],"model":"claude-haiku-5-5","confidence":"medium","confidenceNote":"AI-mapped from the description (quote-validated, not expert-reviewed)"}],"reports":[{"id":"SRC-d849a763c1dde7c77634","title":"Spot the Difference: Earth Kasha's New LODEINFO Campaign And The Correlation Analysis With The APT10 Umbrella","publisher":"trendmicro.com","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/k/lodeinfo-campaign-of-earth-kasha.html","date":"2024-11-19","mentions":[{"quote":"We observed that vulnerabilities of enterprise products, such as Array AG (CVE-2023-28461), Proself (CVE-2023-45727) and FortiOS/FortiProxy (CVE-2023-27997), were abused in the wild.","start":2002,"end":2184},{"quote":"LAC reported the multiple campaigns, abusing Array AG (CVE-2023-28461) and Citrix (CVE-2023-3466, CVE-2023-3467, CVE-2023-3519), which were abused in the LODEINFO Campaign #2 in 2023 as well.","start":27361,"end":27552}]}],"affected":[],"advisories":[],"euvd":{"id":"EUVD-2023-32140","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2023-32140","exploited":true,"exploitedSince":"2024-11-25","provenance":"source"},"exploits":[],"exploitSources":null,"exploitRefs":[],"flow":[{"stage":"exploitation","techniques":["T1190"],"provenance":"ai"},{"stage":"primary","techniques":["T1059","T1083"],"provenance":"ai"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2023-03-15","kind":"published","label":"Published (NVD)","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28461","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2024-09-13","kind":"exploited-reported","label":"Exploitation first reported (VulnCheck KEV evidence)","url":"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cuckoo-spear-analyzing-noopdoor","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2024-11-19","kind":"report","label":"Named in trendmicro.com: Spot the Difference: Earth Kasha's New LODEINFO Campaign And The Correlation Analysis With The…","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/k/lodeinfo-campaign-of-earth-kasha.html","provenance":"machine"},{"date":"2024-11-25","kind":"kev","label":"Added to CISA KEV (known ransomware use)","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2024-11-25","kind":"euvd-exploited","label":"ENISA EUVD: exploited","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2023-32140","provenance":"source"}],"speed":{"daysToPublicExploit":null,"firstExploitFrom":null,"daysToKev":621},"priority":{"score":78.6,"factors":[{"name":"In a KEV catalog","points":35.0,"detail":"listed in CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV"},{"name":"Recent KEV listing","points":0.0,"detail":"added 776 days ago"},{"name":"Known ransomware use","points":10.0,"detail":"CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV: Known"},{"name":"EPSS percentile","points":19.86,"detail":"percentile 0.9932"},{"name":"Named in threat reports","points":3.87,"detail":"1 report"},{"name":"Public exploit code","points":0.0,"detail":"none found"},{"name":"Mentioned in OTX pulses","points":3.0,"detail":"50 pulses"},{"name":"CVSS severity","points":6.86,"detail":"base score 9.8"},{"name":"End-of-life product","points":0.0,"detail":"supported or unknown"}]}}