{"id":"CVE-2025-32433","published":"2025-04-16T22:15:14Z","modified":"2026-06-17T09:11:59Z","title":"Erlang Erlang/OTP SSH Server Missing Authentication for Critical Function Vulnerability","vendor":"Erlang","product":"Erlang/OTP","tier":"core","eol":null,"description":{"text":"Erlang/OTP is a set of libraries for the Erlang programming language. Prior to versions OTP-27.3.3, OTP-26.2.5.11, and OTP-25.3.2.20, a SSH server may allow an attacker to perform unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE). By exploiting a flaw in SSH protocol message handling, a malicious actor could gain unauthorized access to affected systems and execute arbitrary commands without valid credentials. This issue is patched in versions OTP-27.3.3, OTP-26.2.5.11, and OTP-25.3.2.20. A temporary workaround involves disabling the SSH server or to prevent access via firewall rules.","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"summary":{"text":"The Erlang/OTP SSH server, a component of the Erlang/OTP libraries for the Erlang programming language, contains a flaw in its handling of SSH protocol messages that lacks required authentication for a critical function. An attacker with network access can exploit this without credentials or user interaction, provided the SSH server is enabled on an affected Erlang/OTP version, to execute arbitrary commands remotely on the target system.","provenance":"ai","model":"claude-haiku-5-5","generatedAt":"2026-10-29T07:53:30Z"},"cvss":{"score":10.0,"severity":"CRITICAL","version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H","provenance":"source","from":"NVD"},"epss":{"score":0.98924,"percentile":0.99928,"date":"2026-10-29","provenance":"source"},"kev":{"dateAdded":"2025-06-09","dueDate":"2025-06-30","ransomware":false,"requiredAction":"Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.","notes":"This vulnerability affects a common open-source project, third-party library, or a protocol used by different products. For more information, please see: https://github.com/erlang/otp/security/advisories/GHSA-37cp-fgq5-7wc2 ; https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-erlang-otp-ssh-xyZZy ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32433","provenance":"source"},"vulncheckKev":{"dateAdded":"2025-06-09","exploitedFirstSeen":"2025-06-09","ransomware":true,"evidence":[{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json","date":"2025-06-09"},{"url":"https://censys.com/blog/2025-state-of-the-internet-notable-incidents","date":"2025-07-24"},{"url":"https://www.kelacyber.com/resources/research/2025_midyear_threat_report/","date":"2025-08-08"},{"url":"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/erlang-otp-cve-2025-32433/","date":"2025-08-11"},{"url":"https://assets.recordedfuture.com/insikt-report-pdfs/2025/cta-2025-0828.pdf","date":"2025-08-28"},{"url":"https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/h1-2025-malware-and-vulnerability-trends","date":"2025-08-28"},{"url":"https://www.ibm.com/think/x-force/the-operational-technology-threat-landscape-insights-from-x-force","date":"2025-09-08"},{"url":"https://www.enisa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2025-10/ENISA%20Threat%20Landscape%202025.pdf","date":"2025-10-09"},{"url":"https://ics-cert.kaspersky.com/publications/reports/2025/12/01/apt-and-financial-attacks-on-industrial-organizations-in-q3-2025/","date":"2025-12-01"},{"url":"https://cyble.com/resources/research-reports/global-cybersecurity-report/","date":"2025-12-11"}],"evidenceTotal":17,"provenance":"source"},"exploited":true,"otx":{"pulseCount":50,"pulses":[{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 30, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae35d889ea92b4ce19c2680","created":"2026-10-29"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 29, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae20c1db17e7057ae7d9ad1","created":"2026-10-28"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 28, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ae0ba7e0e2a97ff7b218819","created":"2026-10-27"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 27, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adf68b85c3e852f3c111d18","created":"2026-10-26"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 24, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6adb740e397c3ad4799aa4cd","created":"2026-10-23"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 23, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ada236fcfba2dfa730ea482","created":"2026-10-22"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 22, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad8d33a077cbb5cab524d80","created":"2026-10-21"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 21, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad78130c4d1ac2be83a8b6d","created":"2026-10-20"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 20, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad62f63c24a405a3423cc13","created":"2026-10-19"},{"name":"Actively_Exploited_Kev | Oct 19, 2026","url":"https://otx.alienvault.com/pulse/6ad4dda174e5797d0bd238b7","created":"2026-10-18"}],"provenance":"machine"},"cwes":[{"id":"CWE-306","name":"Missing Authentication for Critical Functionality"}],"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/0fcd9c56524b28615e8ece65fc0c3f66ef6e4c12","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/6eef04130afc8b0ccb63c9a0d8650209cf54892f","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/b1924d37fd83c070055beb115d5d6a6a9490b891","tags":["Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.com/erlang/otp/security/advisories/GHSA-37cp-fgq5-7wc2","tags":["Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/16/2","tags":["Mailing List"]},{"url":"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/18/1","tags":["Mailing List"]},{"url":"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/18/2","tags":["Mailing List"]},{"url":"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/18/6","tags":["Mailing List"]},{"url":"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/04/19/1","tags":["Mailing List"]},{"url":"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/04/msg00028.html","tags":["Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250425-0001/","tags":["Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/ProDefense/CVE-2025-32433/blob/main/CVE-2025-32433.py","tags":["Exploit"]},{"url":"https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-erlang-otp-ssh-xyZZy","tags":["Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2025-32433","tags":["US Government Resource"]}],"techniques":[{"id":"T1021.004","name":"SSH","tactics":["lateral-movement"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Missing Authentication","mappingType":"exploitation_technique","evidence":[],"comment":"Attackers have exploited this Erlang OTP vulnerability by using reverse shells to obtain unauthenticated access, allowing them to execute remote code on the system.","confidence":"high"},{"id":"T1059","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","tactics":["execution"],"provenance":"source","basis":"ctid-kev","bases":["ctid-kev"],"basisDetail":"CTID Mappings Explorer KEV 07/28/2025 (ATT&CK 16.1); capability: Missing Authentication","mappingType":"primary_impact","evidence":[],"comment":"Attackers have exploited this Erlang OTP vulnerability by using reverse shells to obtain unauthenticated access, allowing them to execute remote code on the system.","confidence":"high"}],"reports":[],"affected":[],"advisories":[],"euvd":{"id":"EUVD-2025-11793","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-11793","exploited":true,"exploitedSince":"2025-06-09","provenance":"source"},"exploits":[],"exploitSources":{"pocGithub":{"count":37,"skipped":4,"earliest":"2025-04-18","earliestUrl":"https://github.com/ProDefense/CVE-2025-32433","repos":[{"name":"ProDefense/CVE-2025-32433","url":"https://github.com/ProDefense/CVE-2025-32433","stars":142,"created":"2025-04-18"},{"name":"omer-efe-curkus/CVE-2025-32433-Erlang-OTP-SSH-RCE-PoC","url":"https://github.com/omer-efe-curkus/CVE-2025-32433-Erlang-OTP-SSH-RCE-PoC","stars":16,"created":"2025-04-18"},{"name":"m0usem0use/erl_mouse","url":"https://github.com/m0usem0use/erl_mouse","stars":7,"created":"2025-04-18"},{"name":"NiteeshPujari/CVE-2025-32433-PoC","url":"https://github.com/NiteeshPujari/CVE-2025-32433-PoC","stars":7,"created":"2025-08-13"},{"name":"0xPThree/cve-2025-32433","url":"https://github.com/0xPThree/cve-2025-32433","stars":6,"created":"2025-04-19"}]},"metasploit":[{"name":"Erlang OTP Pre-Auth RCE Scanner and Exploit","module":"exploit/linux/ssh/ssh_erlangotp_rce","type":"exploit","disclosureDate":"2025-04-16","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/linux/ssh/ssh_erlangotp_rce.rb"}],"first":{"date":"2025-04-16","source":"Metasploit","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/linux/ssh/ssh_erlangotp_rce.rb"},"provenance":"source"},"exploitRefs":["https://github.com/ProDefense/CVE-2025-32433/blob/main/CVE-2025-32433.py"],"flow":[{"stage":"exploitation","techniques":["T1021.004"],"provenance":"source"},{"stage":"primary","techniques":["T1059"],"provenance":"source"}],"timeline":[{"date":"2025-04-16","kind":"published","label":"Published (NVD)","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32433","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-04-16","kind":"exploit-public","label":"First public exploit: Metasploit; later: PoC-in-GitHub 2025-04-18","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploits/linux/ssh/ssh_erlangotp_rce.rb","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-06-09","kind":"exploited-reported","label":"Exploitation first reported (VulnCheck KEV evidence)","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/feeds/known_exploited_vulnerabilities.json","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-06-09","kind":"kev","label":"Added to CISA KEV","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","provenance":"source"},{"date":"2025-06-09","kind":"euvd-exploited","label":"ENISA EUVD: exploited","url":"https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-11793","provenance":"source"}],"speed":{"daysToPublicExploit":0,"firstExploitFrom":"Metasploit","daysToKev":54},"priority":{"score":80.0,"factors":[{"name":"In a KEV catalog","points":35.0,"detail":"listed in CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV"},{"name":"Recent KEV listing","points":0.0,"detail":"added 508 days ago"},{"name":"Known ransomware use","points":10.0,"detail":"CISA KEV and VulnCheck KEV: Known"},{"name":"EPSS percentile","points":19.99,"detail":"percentile 0.9993"},{"name":"Named in threat reports","points":0.0,"detail":"0 reports"},{"name":"Public exploit code","points":5.0,"detail":"1 NVD reference tagged Exploit; 37 PoC-in-GitHub repos; 1 Metasploit module"},{"name":"Mentioned in OTX pulses","points":3.0,"detail":"50 pulses"},{"name":"CVSS severity","points":7.0,"detail":"base score 10.0"},{"name":"End-of-life product","points":0.0,"detail":"supported or unknown"}]}}